Wesentliches Glossar zur Befestigungsterminologie für Einkaufsprofis.
Bolt and Screw Terms
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Shank | Unthreaded portion of a bolt between the head and the threads |
| Thread root | Bottom of the thread groove (smallest diameter) |
| Thread crest | Top of the thread ridge (largest diameter) |
| Pitch | Distance between adjacent thread crests |
| Major diameter | Thread crest to crest diameter (nominal size) |
| Minor diameter | Thread root to thread root diameter |
| Pitch diameter | Effective diameter where thread width equals gap width |
| Grip length | Total thickness of materials being clamped (excluding fasteners) |
Nut and Thread Terms
Content coming soon.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hex nut | Standard six-sided nut; most common nut type |
| Jam nut | Thin nut used to lock another nut in place (double nut) |
| Lock nut | Nut with a built-in locking mechanism (Nyloc, all-metal) |
| Wing nut | Nut with wing-like projections for hand tightening |
| Coupling nut | Long nut for joining two threaded rods end-to-end |
| Castle nut | Nut with slots for a cotter pin (e.g., on axle shafts) |
| Flange nut | Nut with an integrated washer-like flange |
Strength and Quality Terms
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 8.8 Grade (metric) | 800 MPa tensile, 640 MPa yield; most common structural bolt |
| 10.9 Grade (metric) | 1000 MPa tensile, 900 MPa yield; high-strength structural |
| 12.9 Grade (metric) | 1200 MPa tensile, 1100 MPa yield; highest strength for machinery |
| A325 (ASTM) | High-strength structural bolt, 825 MPa tensile; US standard |
| A490 (ASTM) | Alloy structural bolt, 1035 MPa tensile; stronger than A325 |
| Proof stress | Minimum stress a fastener can withstand without plastic deformation |
| Yield stress | Stress at which material begins to deform permanently |
Coating and Surface Treatment Terms
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Standards Organizations Reference
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Frequently Asked Questions
See frequently asked questions below.
What does 'K-factor' or 'torque coefficient' mean?
The K-factor (torque coefficient) is the constant that relates applied torque to clamp force. It accounts for friction in the threads and under the bearing surface. T = K × D × F, where T=torque (N·m), D=bolt diameter (m), F=clamp load (N). For bare steel threads with no lubrication, K≈0.20. For lightly oiled, K≈0.15. For wax or anti-seize, K≈0.12. Always use the correct K-factor for your coating/lubricant when calculating torque specifications.
What is the difference between proof load and yield strength?
Proof load is a test requirement — the load a fastener must withstand without permanent set when tested. Yield strength is a material property — the stress at which plastic deformation begins. For fasteners, proof load corresponds to approximately 85-90% of the yield strength. Proof load is what manufacturers must demonstrate in testing; yield strength is a design parameter.
Why do some standards have 'revoked' or 'withdrawn' status?
Standards are sometimes revoked when they are superseded by an international standard. For example, many DIN standards for fasteners were officially withdrawn when ISO adopted equivalent standards. In practice, DIN and ISO fastener dimensions are nearly identical, so DIN designations (DIN 931, DIN 933) are still widely used in industry even though the standards are technically withdrawn. Always check if the current project specification references ISO or DIN standards.
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