挡圈垫圈与普通垫圈完整指南：类型、选型与载荷分布

Yes, for structural connections and any joint where the bearing surface may compress. Standard practice is: flat washer under the bolt head; flat washer under the nut (on the far side). This distributes the load on both sides of the joint. For thin material connections, use fender washers (larger OD) on both sides for maximum bearing area.

Use hardened washers (through-hardened to HRC 38-45) in high-strength structural connections (Grade 8.8, 10.9, 12.9 bolts). Standard (unhardened) washers can deform (embed) under the high contact pressure from high-strength bolts, reducing the effective clamp load. Hardened washers are also required when the bolt bearing surface is smaller than the washer ID — the hardened washer prevents the bolt from 'punching through' the washer under load.

Yes, fender washers and repair washers are the same product — washers with an oversized outer diameter relative to the inner hole. They are called 'fender washers' because they were originally used to repair automotive fenders (thin sheet metal). In construction, they are essential for any thin-sheet or soft-material connection to prevent pull-through of the fastener head or nut.