结构钢螺栓连接指南：建筑和采矿结构的设计、安装和检查。
结构紧固件基础
结构钢连接在建筑物、桥梁和工业结构中传递构件之间的力。螺栓连接必须设计成安全抵抗作用在结构上的拉、压、剪和弯曲力。
连接类型
剪切连接仅传递剪力。弯矩连接传递剪力和弯矩。拉伸连接抵抗拉力。组合连接同时抵抗多种力类型。
连接设计原则
关键设计步骤：1.从结构分析确定设计力；2.选择适合力和构件尺寸的连接类型；3.计算所需紧固件数量和排列；4.检查承压、撕裂和净截面强度；5.验证连接材料容量；6.指定紧固件等级、涂层和安装要求。
安装要求
适当安装对结构连接性能至关重要：预拉伸、检验要求、扭紧与预拉伸的比较、禁止重复使用高强度螺栓。
采矿结构应用
采矿结构需要特殊考虑：动态加载、腐蚀环境、重型设备负载。传送带结构用高强度预拉伸螺栓，破碎机基础用锚栓，筛网甲板用高强度螺栓配锁紧垫圈。
常见问题
See frequently asked questions below.
What's the difference between ASTM A325 and A490 bolts?
A325 bolts (minimum 825 MPa tensile strength) are most common for structural connections. A490 bolts (minimum 1035 MPa) are higher strength, used for larger diameters or when higher capacity needed. A490 should not be used in shear connections.
Can I use ordinary hex bolts for structural connections?
No. Structural connections require high-strength bolts (Grade 8.8+) with controlled pre-tension. Ordinary bolts (Grade 4.6) are for non-structural connections only.
What's the correct tightening sequence?
For multiple-bolt connections, tighten in a star pattern from center outward. This prevents uneven loading and warping of the connection.
Why do structural bolts sometimes need washers?
Washers serve multiple purposes: distribution of load over connected material, protection of coated surfaces, and in some cases, indicating proper pre-tensioning.
How do I know if a connection is pre-tensioned?
Specifications and drawings indicate pre-tensioning requirements. If not specified, check applicable code requirements. Critical structures typically require pre-tensioning.